Due to strict quarantines throughout China, new cases have sharply decreased since mid-March, and the outbreak was successfully contained in China. As of March 30, 2020, COVID-19 has led to over 80 000 confirmed cases with over 3000 deaths in China. (9) However, the native host(s) of SARS-CoV-2 and the place of origin of human SARS-CoV-2 infections remain uncertain, even though Wuhan was the first city in which this disease was detected and managed. estimated that the initial timing of human infection with SARS-CoV-2 may have been in early December or even earlier in 2019 by analyzing the emergence of genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2.
The pathogen was soon identified as the novel CoV SARS-CoV-2, which is closely related to SARS-CoV. In December 2019, pneumonia cases caused by a novel pathogen emerged in Wuhan, a city of 11 million people in Central China. (7) The seventh human CoV, termed SARS-CoV-2, is a novel β-CoV that first emerged in Wuhan city, Hubei Province, China. As of September 12, 2017, 2080 confirmed cases and 722 deaths have been reported. (7) MERS presented as a severe respiratory disease with frequent gastrointestinal and renal complications. (6) In 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), caused by MERS-CoV, emerged in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and subsequently spread to 27 countries. (3−5) The SARS outbreak was contained in 2004 following a highly effective public health response, with 8454 confirmed cases and 792 deaths. (2) SARS-CoV was the causal agent of SARS outbreaks in 20 in China. (1) Two other β-CoVs, severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), have zoonotic origins and have been linked to fatal illness in past years. Four human CoVs are known to be prevalent: HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-NL63, which are common and cause mild to moderate respiratory infections, such as the common cold. There are seven known types of human CoVs. (1) Coronaviridae in the order Nidovirales is divided into four genera: α-, β-, γ-, and δ-CoVs, of which only α- and β-CoVs can infect humans. They can cause diseases of the respiratory tract, intestinal tract, liver, and nervous system of many animal species, including humans, with varying degrees of severity. We hope this review provides a foundation for managing the worsening pandemic and developing antivirals against SARS-CoV-2.Ĭoronaviruses (CoVs) represent a group of enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with a genome size of 27–33 kb.
Among these, the clinical efficacies of some accessible drugs such as remdesivir (RDV) and favipiravir (FPV) for COVID-19 are emphatically summarized. Furthermore, 72 small molecules from natural products and TCM with reported antiviral activity against human coronaviruses (CoVs) are identified from published literature, and their potential applications in combating SARS-CoV-2 are discussed. In this article, Chinese therapy strategies for treating COVID-19 patients, including current applications of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), are comprehensively reviewed. COVID-19 is clinically difficult to manage due to a lack of specific antiviral drugs or vaccines.
This virus poses major challenges to public health, as it not only is highly contagious but also can be transmitted by asymptomatic infected individuals. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to more than 20 million people infected worldwide with an average mortality rate of 3.6%.
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